๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

๐“ก๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ถ5: ๐’ฆ๐‘œ๐“‡๐‘’๐’ถ ๐’ฐ๐“ƒ๐’พ๐“‹/์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ Financial Management(BUSS207)

[์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ] 0. Introduction

What is Corporate Finance?

๊ธฐ์—… ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ž€?

๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผํ•  assets(์ž์‚ฐ, Liabilities+Equity), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์— ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€(finance)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ


=> ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ cash๋ฅผ ์–ป์„๊นŒ?

 

 

[ํšŒ๊ณ„ํ•™์›๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์•ˆ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ฆฌ]

  • Assets (์ž์‚ฐ) = Liabilities (๋ถ€์ฑ„) + Equity (์ž๋ณธ)
  • Debt : ์€ํ–‰ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ
    • Liabilities ์ค‘, ์ง„์งœ ๋ˆ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ '๋นš'์ด debt
  • Equity : ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ˆ

 

  • Debt ์™€ Equity๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Funds(์ž์‚ฐ)๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด Funds๋ฅผ Assets์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์€ํ–‰ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์„ ํŒ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป!

  • (Secondory Markets) ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ cash๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  security(์ฆ๊ถŒ) ๋˜๋Š” devidends(๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ)์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
  • (Government) ์ •๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ tax๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  reinvest๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋“ ๊ฐ€
  • (Primary Market) ์ƒ์žฅ, IPO(์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘), Bond(์ฑ„๊ถŒ)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ Cash ์กฐ๋‹ฌ

 

์ฆ๊ถŒ(Security) : ์ฃผ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ

  • ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ฆ๊ถŒ (debt securities), ์ฃผ์‹์ฆ๊ถŒ (equity securities), ํŒŒ์ƒ์ƒํ’ˆ (derivatives) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ

 


Goals of the Corporation

๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
Shareholders(ํˆฌ์ž์ž)๋“ค์˜ wealth ๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์„œ

  1. Maximizing Firm Value (๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ€์น˜ = ํ•œ ์ฃผ ๋‹น ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์น˜ * ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์ฃผ์‹ ์ˆ˜)
  2. Maximizing stock price
    ํ•˜๊ธฐ!

* ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ Shareholder = equity holder ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, stakeholder๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์ž„

 

 

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด

  • ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ž˜ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ
  • ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด encourage ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
  • ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?

ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ CEO?
ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž„์›์ง„??

 

 

Agency Relationships : ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„

  1. ShareHolders and managers
    ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ decision make ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
    • do their best ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹ค๋ฆ„. ๋ˆ์€ shareholder ๋ˆ์ธ๋ฐ ํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค ํ„ฐ์ง€๊ณ  ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ...
    • agency cost ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ shareholders๊ฐ€ ํ•จ
  1. Shareholders and creditors
    ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์™€ shareholders์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌํ•œํ…Œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค˜ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์Œ)
    • ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ๋ˆ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ problem์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ , shareholder๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ˆ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ 
    • agency cost ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ creditor ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ shareholders๋„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ง

 

์•ž์„  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,

  1. ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ž˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ด??
    • ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ(Board of Directors)๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ
    • management, ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„๊ณผ stockholder(=shareholder)์€ agency relationship ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง!!
  1. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
    ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์™€ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ agency relationship์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
    • Managerial compensation plans : ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ณด์ƒ์ œ๋„
      • Excutive compensation scheme (์ž„์›๋ณด์žฅ์ œ๋„)
      • Performance shares (์‹ค์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณด์ƒ) : ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ stock ๋ถ€์—ฌ (์„ฑ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด)
      • stock options (์Šคํ†ก์˜ต์…˜) : ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ ์Šคํ†ก๋ถ€์—ฌ
        • but ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 50์ธ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 15์ด๋ฉด ์ฝœ์˜ต์…˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ์˜๋ฏธ X
    • The threat of firing (ํ•ด๊ณ ์œ„ํ˜‘)
    • The threat of takeover (์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„ํ˜‘)
    • Direct Intervention by stockholders (์ฃผ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ์ž…)

 

์ฐธ๊ณ ) Financial Derivative : ํŒŒ์ƒ์ƒํ’ˆ

์˜ต์…˜ = ํŒŒ์ƒ์ƒํ’ˆ, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ O, ์˜๋ฌด X
ํŒŒ์ƒ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ฑ…์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•จ

  • Call option : underlying asset(๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์‚ฐ)์„ Exercise price์— ๊ตฌ์ž…
  • Put option : underlying asset(๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์‚ฐ)์„ Exercise price์— ํŒ๋งค

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ call option์ด 2000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด


S(์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€) < E(์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€) : ์˜ต์…˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ X
S(์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€) > E(์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€) : ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€-์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒํผ ์ด๋“๋ณด๊ณ  ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

 

put option์ด 2000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋ฉด
S(์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€) < E(์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€) : ์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€-์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒํผ ๋” ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
S(์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€) > E(์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€) : ์˜ต์…˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ X (S-E ๋งŒํผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ)

 

 

  1. ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?
    • Stock price์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”, manager์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์š”์ธ
      • Expected cash flows ์˜ˆ์ƒํ˜„๊ธˆํ๋ฆ„
      • Timing of cash flows ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜„๊ธˆํ๋ฆ„
      • Riskiness of cash flows ํ˜„๊ธˆ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„
      • Use of debt (capital structure) ๋ถ€์ฑ„์‚ฌ์šฉ (์ž๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ)
      • Dividend policy ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ •์ฑ…
    ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คŒ