๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

๐“ก๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ถ5: ๐’ฆ๐‘œ๐“‡๐‘’๐’ถ ๐’ฐ๐“ƒ๐’พ๐“‹/์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ Financial Management(BUSS207)

[์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ] CH3. Risk and Rates of Return

1. What is Risk?

Risk : an uncertain outcome or a chance of an adverse outcome

์–ด๋–ค ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

 

low or negative actual return์„ ์–ป์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 

๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ฉด ํด ์ˆ˜๋ก ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” risky ํ•ด์ง

Probability distribution : ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•ด๋†“๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„

์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ expected rate of return, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’(ํ‰๊ท )์ด 15์ด๋ฉฐ, Firm X๋ณด๋‹ค Firm Y๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค.

๋‹จ๋… ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํด ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ฆ‰ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก Return ์—ญ์‹œ ํฌ๋‹ค.

 

Stand Alone Risk : Single Asset relevant risk measure is the standard deviation of expected cash flows 

์ž์‚ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ risk๋Š” expected cash flow์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค !!

 

 

Portfolio Context : asset ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน

  • Diversifiable risk
  • Market risk

๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค

 

[์˜ˆ์‹œ]

 

๋น„๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด 10%, ์•ˆ์˜ค๋ฉด -5%์ธ X์™€

๋น„๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด -5%, ์•ˆ์˜ค๋ฉด 10%์ธ Y๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฉด

 

๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’ = ์•ˆ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’ = 2.5% ๋กœ

๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋“  ์•ˆ ์˜ค๋“  2.5% ์ด๋“์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค!

 

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ asset์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด Firm Specific(Non-systematic, Diversifible risk)๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Market risk (systematic, non-diversifible risk)๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ’์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.

 

๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—์…‹ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Diversifible risk๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด risk๋Š” portfolio์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ asset return์˜ correlation์ด ์ด portfolio standard deviation์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.

 

 

 

General Comments about risk

  • σ ≈ 35% for an average stock . ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‘œํŽธ์ด 35% ์ •๋„์ž„
  • ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์€ market ๊ณผ positively correlated ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•จ. 0๊ณผ 1 ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ρ(correlation coefficient, ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง)
  • ์ฃผ์‹์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด portfolio๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด risk๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์ง„๋‹ค
  • ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ์ฃผ์‹์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. (๊ธฐ์กด ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ž‘ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ positively correlated ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ)
  • ์ฃผ์‹์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์  diversification benefits์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. (10๊ฐœ ์ดํ›„) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ large stock portfolios์—์„œ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” 20% ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

Well-diversified Portfolio

  • ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ข‹์€ large portfolio๋Š” 10-15 assets์ •๋„์ด๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ diversifiable risk๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค
  • market risk์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ risk๋Š” diversified๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค
  • Beta๋ผ๋Š” risk measure์€ market portfolio์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ asset์˜ risk๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค

 

Holding Period (Realized) Return

 

HPR = ( Selling Price - BuyingPrice + Dividens ) / Buying Price

 

์ฆ‰ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ํŒ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž„

 

50$์— ์‚ฌ์„œ 3$์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  54$์— ํŒ”๋ฉด 4+3 / 50 = 14% ์ธ ๊ฒƒ!

 

CGY (Capital Gains Yield) : ์˜ค์ง ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํŒ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  (๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ์ œ์™ธ)

 

์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 4/50 ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 8%

 

DY (Dividens Yield) : ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ 

 

3/50 = 6% 

 

 

2. Single asset ์˜ return

 

 

Asset ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ผ ๋•Œ์˜ return ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’, ์ฆ‰ ํ‰๊ท  return ๊ฐ’์€ (๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ๋„) ํ™•๋ฅ *๊ฐ’์˜ ์ดํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค.

๋งŒ์•ฝ return ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด์ „ return ๊ฐ’๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด k๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

Coefficient of Variation

 

๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ risk averse, ์ฆ‰ risk๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ , risk๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋†’์€ return์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

CV๋Š” expected return ๋‹น risk์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค.

CV = s/E(k)

 

 

3. Portfolio Risk and Return

 

ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  return ๊ฐ’์€, ๊ฐ asset๋“ค์˜ return์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

 

ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ riskiness๋Š” ๊ฐ asset์˜ return๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ relationship์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

 

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ relationship์„ ์ธก์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ

 

correlation coefficient (=ρ)

 

-1<= ρ < =+1

 ρ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก risk๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž„! 

 

 

์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด์ž๋ฉด.....

 

E(AX+BY) = AE(X) + BE(Y) ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,

๋ถ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋œฏ์–ด์„œ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋จ

V(AX+BY) = A^2V(X) + B^2V(Y) ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ! 

์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๋ณด๋Š” Cov.. ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋‘ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค.

๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋น„๋ก€, ์Œ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

์ด ๋•Œ, "์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋‚˜" ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ρ 

 

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉด ์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก RISK๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ~

 

์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค, ์œ„์˜ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์‹ค์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋” ์ž‘๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

 

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ•ฉ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์•„์ง„๋‹ค. 

WHY? V(aX+bY) = a^2V(X) + b^2S(Y) + 2ab(S(X)S(Y)) = (aS(X) + bS(Y))^2

์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ s = a*s1 + b*s2

 

์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ•ฉ์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์  ๋” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃต

 

 

4. Market Risk

 

asset์„ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก risk๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ market risk๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ Beta!

 

Beta๋Š” ๊ฐ asset์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค.

 

b = 1 : market๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค

b < 1 : market๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋‹ค

b > 1 : market๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค

 

์ด beta๋Š” stock์˜ return(y)๊ณผ market์˜ return(x) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ regression line์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(y= a+bx)

 

 

ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ beta๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ stock์˜ beta๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ•ฉ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค!

bp = ∑ wibi

 

 

 

 

CAPM / SML Equation

CAPM : the Capital Asset Pricing Model

SML : Security Market Line 

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋œ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์จ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง market risk์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์‹์˜ risk premium = measure of market risk * market risk premium !

 

 

Market risk premium์€ ๋งˆ์ผ“ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ - risk free ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์ด๋‹ค. (ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„์ด market risk premium๋งŒ ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)

๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ asset์˜ risk premium์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ“ rist premium์— beta(์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€)๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค

 

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ

์–ด๋–ค ์—์…‹์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์€ Risk free ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ + ๊ทธ ์—์…‹์˜ rick premium (๋งˆ์ผ“ RP * Beta) ์ธ ๊ฒƒ!

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ k_RF= 6%, k_M = 11%, b(fund) = 1.8 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด

k(fund) = 6% + 5*1.8 = 15% ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

 

๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, b_i์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ asset์˜ risk๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

b_i > 1 : asset์ด more sensitive (riskier)

b_i = 1: asset risk = market risk

b_i < 1 : asset์ด ๋œ risky

 

 

CAPM = E(k_i) = k_RF + B_i(E(K_m)-k_RF)

๋กœ, Asset ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  price๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. 

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์ด SML ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ •๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ (ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„์ด ๋” ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ), ์‹ค์ œ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ price๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ

 

 

Changes to SML Equation

1. inflation rate์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”

 k_RF = k* + IP 

 

E(k_i) =  k_RF + B_i [E(k_m) - k_RF]

k_RF๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , E(k_m) ์—ญ์‹œ IP๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์—†๊ณ  y์ ˆํŽธ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค

์ฆ‰, IP๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด SML์ด ํ‰ํ–‰์ด๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

2. Risk Aversion์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”

risk aversion์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ return์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค 

k_RF ๋ณ€ํ™” X

E(k_m) : risk๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€

 

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ market risk premium์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ steeper ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.