๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

๐“ก๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ถ5: ๐’ฆ๐‘œ๐“‡๐‘’๐’ถ ๐’ฐ๐“ƒ๐’พ๐“‹/์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ Financial Management(BUSS207)

[์žฌ๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ] CH4. Bonds and Their Valuation

1. Bond๋ž€?

 

Bond๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง๋กœ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. 

์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ž๊ธˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,

์›๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ด์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋‚ ์งœ์— holders of the bond์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†๋œ a long-term debt instrument ์ด๋‹ค.

 

bond์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

 

  • Par Value (์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์•ก : ๋ฐœํ–‰์ธ์ด ๋งŒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์— ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก)
  • Coupon Interest Rate (์•ก๋ฉด ์ด์ž์œจ : ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์•ก๋ฉด์ƒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ž์œจ)
  • Coupon ($) = Coupon Rate * Par Value
  • Maturity Date : when the par value is repaid (๋งŒ๊ธฐ์ผ : ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์•ก์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ )
  • Special Features 
    • Call provisions : ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ issuer(๋ฐœํ–‰์ธ)์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๊ธฐ์ผ ์ด์ „์— ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐํ•ญ
    • Conversion options : bondholders(์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž)๊ฐ€ bonds๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ common stocks(๋ณดํ†ต์ฃผ)๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ
  • Different types of Bonds
    • Fixed rate bonds, Floating rate bonds ๋“ฑ...

 

Bond Markets

  • ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์€ Over-the-counter (OTC, ์žฅ์™ธ์‹œ์žฅ) market ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋œ๋‹ค
  • ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ธˆ์œต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • OTC ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

 

2. Bond Valuation

 

  • Vb = Value of Bond : ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ
  • INT = ์ฟ ํฐ ์ด์ž (๋งค ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด์ž)
  • kd = required return ์š”๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ . ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ . ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ 
  • N = ๋งŒ๊ธฐ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์€ ๋…„๋„์ˆ˜
  • M = ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์•ก, ๋ณดํ†ต 1000$

 

์ฆ‰ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”,

์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์•ก์ด ๋งŒ๊ธฐ N๋…„ ์ „์ธ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ + N๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด์ž ์ดํ•ฉ์˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ž„.

 

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ M = 1000$, INT = 80$ (annual), kd = 10%, N = 12 ๋…„ ์ด๋ฉด

 

Vb = 80*[PVIFA_kd, N] + 1000*[PVIF_10%,N]

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Required Return์ด 8%๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?

 

์ผ๋‹จ coupon rate ๋Š” $80 / $1000์ด๋ผ์„œ 8%!

 

i = 8% < kd = 10%

Bond value < Par value (M)

-> discount bond

 : ์ฟ ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด, ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

 

i = 8% = kd = 8%

Bond value = Par value (M)

-> Par bond

 : ์ฟ ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ์ด์ต = ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ 

 

i = 8% > kd = 6%

Bond value > Par value (M)

-> Premium bond

: ์ฟ ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด, ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

 

 

discount bond๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์งง์„์ˆ˜๋ก PV, ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  (๊ธธ๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ ์ปค์„œ ํ• ์ธ์œจ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ)

premium bond๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. (๊ธธ๋ฉด ์ด์ž ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ)

 

 

3. Bond's Return 

 

Total Rate of Return = Current Yield + Capital Gains Yield

 

Beg. Bond Value = Purchase price

End. Bond Value = Sale price

 

Current Yield = C.Y.

= coupon interest payment

= Annual Coupon (INT) / Beg. Bond Value

= ๋ฐ›์€ Annual coupon (INT) / ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ

 

Current Gains Yield = C.G.Y.

= price change

= (End.Bond Value - Beg. Bond Value) / Beg. Bond Value

= (ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ - ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€) / ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€

 

 

์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ Bond์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ PV๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ return์€ ์•„๋‹˜

 

Yield to Maturity (YTM) = ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ค๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด์ต์œจ

Yield to Call (YTC) = ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์„œ called ๋  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ต์œจ

 

์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ kd = required return = YTM์ž„

 

*  APR = Annual Percentage Rate :  ์—ฐ๊ฐ„์ด์œจ

4. Risk of bonds

1. Interest rate Risk (Price Risk) : ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ

 - ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ณ€๋™ (๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์Šน ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ•˜๋ฝ)

long term bonds => price ๋ณ€๋™ ๋” ํผ = more interest rate risk

zero coupon => price ๋ณ€๋™ ๋” ํผ = more interest risk for lower coupon bonds

 

2. Reinvestment Risk : ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ

 - 1์ด๋ž‘ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ implication. 

 - ํˆฌ์ž์ˆ˜์ต๊ธˆ์„ ์žฌํˆฌ์žํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

 - ์‹œ์žฅ ์ด์ž์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ด๋“(๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ƒ์Šน)

 - higher coupon, shorter maturity == risk ์ฆ๊ฐ€

๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™ ๋” ํผ = ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜

๋ฌด์ดํ‘œ์ฑ„๋Š” ์žฌํˆฌ์ž ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์—†์Œ. ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์œ ์‹œ YTM = ์‹คํ˜„์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ 

 

3. Default Risk : ์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ ๋ฆฌ์Šค

 - bond rating์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ • = ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” issuer์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ

 - ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์ด ์ถ”์ • ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

 - Bond rating agents๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด์คŒ (S&P, Moody's, Fitch...)

 - AAA, Best rating, lowest default risk ๋“ฑ

 - Bond rate์€ bond issue๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•จ

 

 

 


 

1. Stocks and Their Valuation

 

 

Common Stock

- creditor(์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž)์™€ preferred stock holders(์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž) ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ž์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ..?

- ownership์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ownership์€ control์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ

- shareholders(์ฃผ์ฃผ)๋Š” cash flow rights์™€ control rights๋ฅผ ์–ป์Œ

   - Control Right = ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ถŒ Voting Rights : 1 share 1 voting (10% ์ฃผ์‹ => 10% ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ง€๋ถ„)

       (prefered ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์—†์Œ)

   - Cash Flow Right : dividend ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ (prefered๋ณด๋‹จ ๋ฐ€๋ฆผ)

- Limited liability

 

Advantages of Financing with Stock

- ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ํ•„์š”์—†์Œ

- ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ

- ์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ด ์—†์Œ

 

Disadvantages of Financing with Stock

- shareholders์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (dilution of ownership)

- ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ป๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด stockholder(์ฃผ์ฃผ)๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์•ผ ํ•จ

   -> Dilution of ownership

- ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ flotation cost ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ

- component cost of capital ์ฆ๊ฐ€ <- ๋ญ”๋ฐ

- ๋ถ€์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์œผ๋ฉด takeover bid

 

 Stakeholder = ์ดํ•ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž, Shareholder = ์ฃผ์ฃผ 

 

 

Intrinsic Value and Stock Price

  • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž, ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž, ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์‹์˜ intrinsic value(๋‚ด์žฌ๊ฐ€์น˜)๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ
  • equilibrium(ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ)์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋Š” intrinsic value์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค
  • ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒ”์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด intrinsic value๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค
  • ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด intrinsic value๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผ์‹์€ ์ €ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ intrinsic value๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š”

  • Dividend growth model
  • Corporate value model
  • Using the multiples of comparable firms

์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

 

Stock Valuation

 

 

1. Dividend growth model

 

๋‹ค์Œ์˜ dividend growth patterns(๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ฆ๊ฐ€ํŒจํ„ด..) ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 

1. Constant growth rate in dividends (์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€)

2. Zero growth rate in dividends (๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ œ๋กœ)

3. "Supernormal" (non-constant) growth rate in dividends (๋น„์ผ์ • ์ฆ๊ฐ€)

 

1) Constant growth Stock Valuation Model

-> ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€

 

D0= current dividend -> pay out?

 

 

2) Expected Return of Constant Growth Stocks

 

Expected rate of return

= Expected dividend yield + Expected Capital Gains Yield

= D1/P0 + g

 

3) Zero Growth Stock Valuation

- constant growth valuation g=0

 

 

4) Supernormal Growth Stock Valuation

 

๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ normal constant growth pattern์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

  1. "supernormal" growth period ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์„ ์ถ”์ •
  2. supernormal ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  constant growth ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, constant growth dividends ์˜ PV๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  3. supernormal dividend์™€ constant growth price์˜ PV๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด PV๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋‹ค.

 

Preferred Stock Characteristics

: ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ

 

1. ๋ณดํ†ต์ฃผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ no ownership interest

2. ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์‹œ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž์— ์ด์–ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง

3. ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ์ฃผ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ์ด์ „์— fixed dividend๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Œ

4. ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์€ ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์˜ n %

5. Preferred dividends๋Š” common dividends๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

- Cummulative : ์ถ•์  (์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ถŒ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ) : dividend ์ถ•์ ์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ›์Œ (๋ชป ์ค€๊ฑฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

     - new : dividend ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ

     - old : dividend ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง

- Non - Cummulative : ๋น„์ถ•์  (๋น„์ฐธ์—ฌ์  ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ) 

 

 

 

Preferred Stock Valuation

 

- ๋งŒ๊ธฐ์ผ ์—†์ด ํ‰์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ•จ

- V_ps = D / k_ps

- growth rate ์˜๋ฏธ X

 

Expected Return on Preferred Stock

 

2. Corporate Value model

 = free cash flow method

 

์ „์ฒด ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ free cash flow์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์Œ

 

* free cash flow = ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ธํ›„ ์˜์—… ์†Œ๋“ - ์ˆœ ์ž๋ณธ ํˆฌ์ž

FCF(Free Cash Flow)

= NOPAT - Net capital investment

= EBIT(1-T) - (NWC + Capital Expense)

 

PV(๋ฏธ๋ž˜ FCF) = ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์น˜

๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์น˜ - ๋ถ€์ฑ„ - ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ = ๋ณดํ†ต์ฃผ์˜ Value

๋ณดํ†ต์ฃผ์˜ value / ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์ฃผ์‹ ์ˆ˜ = intrinsic stock price

 

FCF = OCF - NWC - Cap.Exp

OCF : Operating cash flow 

= NOPAT + Depr.Exp

 

Issues regarding the corporate value model

- ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ dividend growth model์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Œ

- ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ free cash flow๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•จ

- Terminal Value ( TVN ) ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด constant ํ•ด ์ง€๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

 

TVn = FCFn+1 / (r-g)

r : ํ• ์ธ์œจ, ์š”๊ตฌ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ , cost of capital

g : growth rate

FCFn+1 : n+1๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ free cash flow

 

Value of equity(์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€์น˜) = value of firm - value of debt

Value per share (์ฃผ๋‹น๊ฐ€์น˜) = value of equity / # of shares

 

3. Firm multiples method

 

๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ multiples์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • P / E = ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ / ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ˆœ์ด์ต(EPS = ๋‹น๊ธฐ์ˆœ์ด์ต / ์œ ํ†ต์ฃผ์‹์ˆ˜)
  • P / CF 
  • P / Sales

--> ์—…๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ’ * ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฐ’ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”์ • ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ด

 

 

2. Market equilibrium

- ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋น„์Šท๋น„์Šทํ•จ

 

 equilibrium ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด

- ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋Š” intrinsic value์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 

- Expected return๊ณผ required return์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

 

 

Expected return์€ dividend์™€ expected capital gains์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค (DCF; Discount Cash Flow)

required returns์€ risk๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  CAPM์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

 

๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด intrinsic value๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด...

- ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ P0๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ• ์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณต

- ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ

- P0๊ฐ€ expected return = required return์ด ๋  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ bid up