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๐“ก๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ถ5: ๐’ฆ๐‘œ๐“‡๐‘’๐’ถ ๐’ฐ๐“ƒ๐’พ๐“‹

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[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH3. Transport Layer (#2) Packet pipelining for high utiliztaion Pipelining : sender๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ack pkts์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€("in-flight") ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋ผ๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋„˜๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ ค์•ผ ํ•จ sender๋‚˜ receiver์—์„œ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ง์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ ์›๋ž˜ sender์˜ Utilization ์€ (L/R) / (RTT+L/R) ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด U_sender = (3L/R)/(RTT+L/R)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ‚ท์„ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋”๋‹ˆ utilization์ด 3๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค! ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Pipelined protocols์—” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Go-Back-N Selective Repeat ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด Go-Back-N์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— N..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH3. Transport Layer (#1) Overview 1. Transport services and Protocols ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์•ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ logical communication์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค Transport protocols in end sides Sender : ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„(segments)๋กœ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ network layer์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์คŒ Receiver : ํฉ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ app layer์— ๋„˜๊ฒจ์คŒ Internet Transport-Layer Protocols TCP Reliable, in-order delivery ํ˜ผ์žก ์ œ์–ด (Congestion control) ํ๋ฆ„ ์ œ์–ด (Flow control) Connecition setup ํ•„์š” UDP Unreliable, unordered d..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#4) P2P 1. File distribution time ํ•œ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ N๊ฐœ์˜ peer๋กœ size F์ธ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด๊นŒ?? (Peer์˜ upload/download capacity๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค) 1. Client-Server Server transmission : ํŒŒ์ผ์„ N๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•จ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = F/us (์ „์ฒด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ / ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น upload ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” capacity) N๊ฐœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = NF/us Client : ๊ฐ client๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•จ d_min = download rate์˜ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’ (์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ (๊ฐ€์žฅ capacity๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€)) client๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’ = F/d_m..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#3) E-mail (Electronic mail) 1. Overview Three major components User agents : ์œ ์ € Mail servers : ๋ฉ”์ผ ์„œ๋ฒ„ Simple mail transfer protocol : SMTP User agent (= mail reader) ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ์Œ outgoing messages์™€ incoming message๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค Mail Servers ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•จ Mailbox๋Š” ์œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค Message queue๋Š” ์œ ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋จ SMTP Protocol ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ mail server ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™ Client : ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒ„ Server : ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#2) HTTP connection establishment 1. Non-persistent HTTP ๊ฐœ์š” 1a. Http ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ HTTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ initiate, ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. (www.someSchool.edu on port 80) 1b. HTTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ "accepts" ํ•˜๊ณ  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค 2. HTTP ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์†Œ์ผ“์„ ํ†ตํ•ด URL ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ request message๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ "someDepartment/home"์—์„œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” object๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์Œ 3. HTTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” request message๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  response message๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์š”์ฒญ๋ฐ›์€ object๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#1) Network Application network application email, web, text messaging, remote login, P2P file sharing, multi-user network games, streaming stored video, voice over IP, real-time video conferencing, social networking, search etc... Creating a Network Application ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ end systems ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  network๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ network-core devices ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ. ๊ฑ”๋„ค๋Š” user application ์‹คํ–‰ ์•ˆํ•จ. Client-server paradigm 1. Appli..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH1. Introduction The Internet 1. Basic Logical Structure 2. Internet Backbone as of 2015 3. Hierarchical structure 4. Regional ISPs(US) Network Core/Edge Network core: Network edge: Access Network Recent Advances in Access Networks Basic Networking Operations 1. Protocol : set of rules and regulations for behaviors Network Protocols Machines rather than humans ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์‹ ํ™œ๋™์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฉ”..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ] CH4. RISC-V & RISC-V Instruction #3 Branch ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ! ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. high-level language๋กœ 'if/else, case, while, for loops' ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ(Conditionally execute code) ์ž„! ์›๋ž˜ PC(Program Counter)๋Š” instruction์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด 4์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค (๊ฐ ๋ช…๋ น ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 4 byte์ž„ ใ…‡ใ…‡) Branch Instruction์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋„˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ด์ „ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” PC๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น! Branch Instruction์—๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ Conditional branch..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ] CH4. RISC-V & RISC-V Instruction #2 CPU and Memory 1. ์™œ CPU๊ฐ€ memory์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€! ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค CPU๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— access(read/write) ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉด access ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Instruciton read : CPU๊ฐ€ memory๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ instructions์„ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค Data read/write : CPU๊ฐ€ memory๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, memory์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค. 2. Instruction Access(Read) CPU๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ instruction ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  CPU๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹คํ–‰์ค‘์ธ instruction์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน..
[๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค] CH3. Introduction to SQL Overview 1. History SQL Parts DML DDL Domain Types in SQL : ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” attribute ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ type๋“ค!! char(n) : ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ n์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด varchar(n) : ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ n์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด int : ์ •์ˆ˜ smallint : ์ž‘์€ ์ •์ˆ˜ numeric(p,d) : ์ „์ฒด ์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ p, ์†Œ์ˆซ์  ์•„๋ž˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ d์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ex) numeric(3,1)์ด๋ฉด 44.5 (0) 3.12(X) 444.5(X) real, double, precision float(n) 1. Create Table Construct create table r (A1 D1, A2 D2, ... , An Dn, (integrity-constraint1), ... ..