๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

๐“ก๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ถ5: ๐’ฆ๐‘œ๐“‡๐‘’๐’ถ ๐’ฐ๐“ƒ๐’พ๐“‹/Computer Network(COSE342)

[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH1. Introduction

The Internet

1. Basic Logical Structure

2. Internet Backbone as of 2015

3. Hierarchical structure

4. Regional ISPs(US)

Network Core/Edge

Network core:

Network edge:

Access Network

Recent Advances in Access Networks

Basic Networking Operations

1. Protocol

: set of rules and regulations for behaviors

Network Protocols

  • Machines rather than humans
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์‹ ํ™œ๋™์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ format, order, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์ „์†ก๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ action์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2. Packet Switching

Data Transmission via Packets

Packet : ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„, transmission unit

  1. application message๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค.
  2. ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ L bits์ธ packets์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค.
  3. packet์„ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ R์ธ access network๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • link transmission rate = link capacity = link bandwidth

packet transmission delay(ํŒจํ‚ท ์ „์†ก์‹œ๊ฐ„)
= L-bit pachet์„ link๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„
= L(bits)/R(bits/sec) = ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๊ธธ์ด / ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ์ „์†ก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋น„ํŠธ ์ˆ˜

Packet Switching : Store and Forward

  1. L-bit packet์„ R bps์˜ link๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ L/R ์ดˆ.
  2. store and forward : ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ์ „์ฒด ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋‹ค ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•จ. ๊ทธ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ „์†ก ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€. ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํŒจํ‚ท ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ „์†ก!!
-   L = 7.5 Mbits
-   R = 1.5 Mbps
-   one-hop transmission delay = 7.5/1.5 = 5 sec

-> end-end delay = 2L / R (propagation delay๋Š” 0์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•จ)

Packet Switching : Queueing, Loss

  • ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งํฌ์—์„œ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ > ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ) ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ์„œ(queue) ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค
    • ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(buffer)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ packet์ด dropped(lost) ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Packet Switching : Routing, Forwarding

  • routing(๋ผ์šฐํŒ…) : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ packets์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” source-destination, ์ฆ‰ packet์ด ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•จ (์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ? ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด!)
  • forwarding : packets์„ router์˜ input์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ router์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ output์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. (์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ)
    packet ์˜ header์— ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋„์ฐฉ์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ router๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์ด ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

3. Circuit Switching

  • bits ์ „์†ก์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ! (old type) (packetization ์•ˆ์”€)
    1. End-to-end resources๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  source์™€ destination ์ฆ‰ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ๊ณผ ๋„์ฐฉ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ "call"์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • No resource sharing
    1. Circuit-like (guaranteed) performance ; ํšŒ๋กœ๋ž‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋จ!
    2. ๋งŒ์•ฝ circuit segment๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
    3. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™” networks์— ์“ฐ์—ฌ์™”์Œ
  • ํ•œ circuit์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค circuit์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์— ๋ชป ์”€. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•ˆ ์“ธ๋• ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ loss ๋  ์ผ์€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€?

๊ฐ link๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ circuit์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. green call์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ € ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋จ

Circuit vs Packet Switching

Packet Switching

  1. resources๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค -> ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ณด๋‹จ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์ข‹์Œ. BEST Effort
  2. Physical routing์ด๋‚˜ switching ์ด ํšŒ์„ ์†๋„(line-speed) ์•ˆ์— ์‹คํ–‰์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  3. Network๋Š” ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. -> High network efficiency
  4. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์†ก๋˜๋Š” bursty traffic์— ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ ex. file transfer
  5. Packets์ด ์†์‹ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค!

=> High efficiency, poor quality of service

Circuit Switching

  1. service quality๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋” ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
  2. Routing์„ ๋” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (call์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„)
  3. ๋ชจ๋“  call ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด resource๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ญ๋น„๋œ๋‹ค? ๋ญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ
  4. ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข€ ๋” smoothํ•œ traffic์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ex. ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋‹ฌ
  5. Packets์ด ์†์‹ค๋  ์ผ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. (์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค reserved ๋œ resources๋‹ˆ๊นŒ~)

=> Low efficiency, better quality of service.

Network Delay

1. Loss and Delay

Packets queue in router buffers

  • Packet์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด output link capacity๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ!
  • packets queue, ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค
  • ๋งŒ์•ฝ available buffers๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์†์‹ค๋œ๋‹ค. (drop-tail queue)

  • ํŒจํ‚ท์ด queue์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์ €์žฅ๋๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋ฉด์„œ delay๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , free (available) buffers ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์ด loss, drop ๋œ๋‹ค.

2. Queueing and Delay (and Throughput)

ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ง€์—ฐ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ processing, queueing, transmission, propagation ๋กœ 4๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  • processing : ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ , ์–ด๋Š ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ. (table look up)
  • queueing : ๋ฐ€๋ฆฐ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋Œ€๊ธฐ.. ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด๋„ queue์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผํ•  ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•จ, ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŽธ.
  • transmission : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ queue, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์—์„œ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋กœใ„ฑใ„ฑ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ signal๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.
    ํŠนํžˆ multi-hop์—์„œ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. (store-and-forward)
  • propagation : ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ๋“ฑ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

3. Throughput and Bottleneck ; ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉํ˜„์ƒ

  1. Throughput : ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰. ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ „์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” bits (bits/time unit)
    • instantaneous : ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ์˜ rate
    • average : ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  rate
    ๋งŒ์•ฝ Rs > Rc, ์ด๋ฉด end-to-end ์—์„œ average throughput์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ??
    ์ฆ‰ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” source ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ??
  2. Bottleneck link : ๋ณ‘๋ชฉํ˜„์ƒ link
  • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ link ์˜ throughput, capacity๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข์€ ๊ธธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ธธ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒํผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ throughput์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ link ๊ฐ€ Bottleneck link์ด๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ Rc๊ฒ ์ง€??)
  • ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด bottleneck link์˜ throughput์ด ์ „์ฒด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹น end-to-end throuput = *min(Rc , Rs , R/10) *
  • R/10์ด ์™œ์žˆ๋ƒ๋ฉด R์„ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
  • ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต Rc ๋‚˜ Rs ์—์„œ bottleneck์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. core๋Š” ์ข‹์€๊ฑฐ ์จ์„œ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ

Internet protocol stacks (Layering) ; ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต

  • Application (์‘์šฉ์ธต) ((์‘์šฉ์ธต + ํ‘œํ˜„์ธต + ์„ธ์…˜์ธต)) : network application support, Protocol์„ ์ •์˜ํ•จ ex. FTP, SMTP, HTTP
  • Transport (์ „์†ก์ธต) : process-process data transfer, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด(์˜ค๋ฅ˜, ํ๋ฆ„, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ) ex. TCP, UDP
  • Network (๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ธต) : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ routing(๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฐฐ์ •) ex. IP, Routing protocols
  • link (๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งํฌ์ธต) : ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์š”์†Œ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด ex. Ethernet, Bluetooth
  • Physical (๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ธต) : bits on the "wire", ํšŒ์„ 

Encapsulation ; ์บก์Šํ™”

์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ ๋’ค ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹.

Packet Capturing

ํŒจํ‚ท ์บก์ฒ˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฑ„๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น ์šฉ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์บก์ฒ˜๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ค€์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์บก์Šํ™”ํ•œ data๋ฅผ captureํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด..๋˜๋‚˜..? ์–ด๋ ต๊ตฐ

 

 

Brief Internet history

 

-์ƒ๋žต