๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

๐“ก๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ถ5: ๐’ฆ๐‘œ๐“‡๐‘’๐’ถ ๐’ฐ๐“ƒ๐’พ๐“‹/Computer Architecture(COSE222)

[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ] CH1. Computer and Technology

1. Classes of Computers ; ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

1) Personal computers(PC) : ๊ฐœ์ธ์šฉ ํ”ผ์”จ

  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ 
  • ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘, ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ, ๋žฉํƒ‘, ๋„ท๋ถ(?)

2) Servers

  • ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ์ €๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ํฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œํ‚ด
  • ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผ
  • ํฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ
  • ์ž‘์€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ
  • High-end : ์Šˆํผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์šฉ, ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํŽ˜ํƒ€๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ €์žฅ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋จ
  • Low-end : ์ž‘์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์›น ์„œ๋น™์šฉ

3) Embedded computers

-> ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”!

  • ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ž„๊นŒ

ex) GPS navigator, robots, car....


2. Components of a Computer ; ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ

1) CPU

(= processor = micro processor = micro controller)

CPU์ข…๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ

  • x86 : PC์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ (์ธํ…”, AMD, via technologies)
  • POWER, PowerPC : Mac์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ธํ…”๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€œ (Freescale)
  • SPparc : workstation์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ (Sun Microsystems)
  • Arm : embedded world(์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋“ฑ)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ž„
  • RISC-V : embedded world ์—์„œ๋‚˜ high-performance computing world์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ž„. ๋œจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ!

2) Memory

  • Main Memory = DDR (Volatile : ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ) : ์ „์› ๋„๋ฉด ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ
  • Secondary Storage (Non Volatile) : ์•ˆ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ.
  • magnetic disk, SSD, Flash memory, Optical disk(CDROM, DVD) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ

3) Input/Output device

  • **User-interface devices : Display, keyboard, mouse
  • Storage devices : Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
  • Network adapters : ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ communicating ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜

+ Mouse ; optical mouse

  • LED์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ black-and-white ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ optical processor๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • LED๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ 1500์žฅ์˜ sample ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ optical processor๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์–ผ๋งŒํผ ์›€์ง์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค.

+ Display Devices ; LCDs(Liquid Crystal Displays) ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด

  • LCD๋Š” ๋น›์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” source๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น›์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ!
  • ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ํ”ฝ์…€๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ HD~4K๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 8 bits๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ (red, blue and green) ์ฆ‰ 1byte, ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ๋‹คํ•ด์„œ 3 byte!
  • ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์งˆ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” frame buffer๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋จ
  • ๋งŒ์•ฝ 1920px * 1080px ์ธ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— *3Byte๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์ด 6MB๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.

3. CPU์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ž,

1. x86์ด๋ž€ ?

Intel, AMD, Via์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ!

์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. (8086, 80286, 80386, 80486 => x86)
์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ x86-16:16 bit ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•จ

x86-32(=IA32) : 32-bit processor / x86-64 : 64-bit processor

intel์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ pc ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 80ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ, AMD๊ฐ€ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์• ํ”Œ๋„ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ intel-based mac์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ค‘

  • x86์€ 4bit์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ 64 bit ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด์˜ด!
  • ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 16bit cpu๋Š” ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ALU ๊ฐ€ 16๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ 16๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.

2. Intel's Core 2 Duo

  • ์นฉ์— 2 cores๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ
  • ์นฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์บ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์žˆ์Œ(L1, L2)
  • 291 milion๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ 143mm^2 ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค..... ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๊ฑ ๊ฐœ ์ฉ–

3. Intel's Core i7

  • 4 cores on one chip
  • three level of caches on chip (L1, L2, L3)
  • 731 million transistors .......

4. Intel's Core i7 (2nd gen.)

5. Intel's Core i7 (3rd gen.)

6. AMD's Opteron - Barcelona ( 2007 )

  • 4 cores on one chip
  • 1.9 GHz Clock
  • 65nm technology
  • three levels of caches (L1, L2, L3) on chip
  • integrated North Bridge

4. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ

(Semiconductor) Technology

: ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ์ž‘๊ฒŒ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ์‹œ๋‹ค!

  • ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋˜๋Š” ์˜จ์˜คํ”„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ
  • IC(Integrated Circuit)์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์นฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ์คŒ
  • VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration)์€ ์นฉ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ž„

Feature Size Trend

ํ˜„์žฌ ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ž‘์•„์ง.......

 

 

 

Moore's Law ; ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™

: ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” 18๊ฐœ์›”๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‘๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž„!

CMOS Gate Example : NOT GATE