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[๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค] CH7. Relational Database Design(Normalization) 0. Intro 1. Features of Good Relational Design ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ instructor ๊ณผ department๋ฅผ in_dep์ด๋ผ๋Š” table๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ dept ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•™๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด null๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด id๊ฐ€ not null์ด๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด table์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Combined schema without repetition ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘๋ณต์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. sec_class์™€ section์„ ํ•ฉ์น  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2. Decomposition : table ์ชผ๊ฐœ๊ธฐ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ž..
[๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค] CH6. Database Design Using the E-R Model 0. INTRO 1. Design Phases Initial phase : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ Second phase : conceptual design data model์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. requirements๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ conceptual schema๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. (ex. ER Model) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ conceptual schema๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Final Phase : ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ data model์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ Logical Design : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. (conceptual schema(er diagram)์„ logical schema(relational schema)์— ๋Œ€์‘์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค) Physica..
[๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค] CH4. Intermediate SQL Join Expressions ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ relation์„ join ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด relation์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ Cartesian product!! ๋ณดํ†ต from clause์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ Join conditions Using Clause -> attribution์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ฉ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์”€! select name, title from (student natural join takes) join course using (course_id)์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ join ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ตฌ using (์ €์ฉŒ๊ตฌ) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํŠน์ • attribute๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ join ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ! ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Duplication columns์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ๋‹ค. Join Condition (on) ์ด pre..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH3. Transport Layer (#2) Packet pipelining for high utiliztaion Pipelining : sender๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ack pkts์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€("in-flight") ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋ผ๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋„˜๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ ค์•ผ ํ•จ sender๋‚˜ receiver์—์„œ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ง์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ ์›๋ž˜ sender์˜ Utilization ์€ (L/R) / (RTT+L/R) ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด U_sender = (3L/R)/(RTT+L/R)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ‚ท์„ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋”๋‹ˆ utilization์ด 3๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค! ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Pipelined protocols์—” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Go-Back-N Selective Repeat ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด Go-Back-N์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— N..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH3. Transport Layer (#1) Overview 1. Transport services and Protocols ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์•ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ logical communication์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค Transport protocols in end sides Sender : ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„(segments)๋กœ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ network layer์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์คŒ Receiver : ํฉ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ app layer์— ๋„˜๊ฒจ์คŒ Internet Transport-Layer Protocols TCP Reliable, in-order delivery ํ˜ผ์žก ์ œ์–ด (Congestion control) ํ๋ฆ„ ์ œ์–ด (Flow control) Connecition setup ํ•„์š” UDP Unreliable, unordered d..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#4) P2P 1. File distribution time ํ•œ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ N๊ฐœ์˜ peer๋กœ size F์ธ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด๊นŒ?? (Peer์˜ upload/download capacity๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค) 1. Client-Server Server transmission : ํŒŒ์ผ์„ N๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•จ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = F/us (์ „์ฒด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ / ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น upload ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” capacity) N๊ฐœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = NF/us Client : ๊ฐ client๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•จ d_min = download rate์˜ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’ (์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ (๊ฐ€์žฅ capacity๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€)) client๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’ = F/d_m..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#3) E-mail (Electronic mail) 1. Overview Three major components User agents : ์œ ์ € Mail servers : ๋ฉ”์ผ ์„œ๋ฒ„ Simple mail transfer protocol : SMTP User agent (= mail reader) ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ์Œ outgoing messages์™€ incoming message๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค Mail Servers ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•จ Mailbox๋Š” ์œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค Message queue๋Š” ์œ ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋จ SMTP Protocol ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ mail server ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™ Client : ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒ„ Server : ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#2) HTTP connection establishment 1. Non-persistent HTTP ๊ฐœ์š” 1a. Http ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ HTTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ initiate, ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. (www.someSchool.edu on port 80) 1b. HTTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ "accepts" ํ•˜๊ณ  ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค 2. HTTP ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ TCP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์†Œ์ผ“์„ ํ†ตํ•ด URL ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ request message๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ "someDepartment/home"์—์„œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” object๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์Œ 3. HTTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” request message๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  response message๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์š”์ฒญ๋ฐ›์€ object๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH2. Application Layer (#1) Network Application network application email, web, text messaging, remote login, P2P file sharing, multi-user network games, streaming stored video, voice over IP, real-time video conferencing, social networking, search etc... Creating a Network Application ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ end systems ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  network๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ network-core devices ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ. ๊ฑ”๋„ค๋Š” user application ์‹คํ–‰ ์•ˆํ•จ. Client-server paradigm 1. Appli..
[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ] CH1. Introduction The Internet 1. Basic Logical Structure 2. Internet Backbone as of 2015 3. Hierarchical structure 4. Regional ISPs(US) Network Core/Edge Network core: Network edge: Access Network Recent Advances in Access Networks Basic Networking Operations 1. Protocol : set of rules and regulations for behaviors Network Protocols Machines rather than humans ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์‹ ํ™œ๋™์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฉ”..